ancient egyptian jewelry museum

It has been several thousand years since the first piece of jewelry was made with simplicity, magnificence, and elegance, by the Egyptians. Related programming is supported by the Schwartz CharitableFoundation. Egyptians used a variety of precious and semi-precious materials to define their status and protect their bodies from negative energies. Broad collar of Senebtisi, ca. At theMuseum of Jewelry, we keep the hand-crafted arts alive. This seal ring holds great importance as it was used to seal wax stamps and worked as a trademark of the Pharaoh. Instead of being dismissed, jewelry should be used as scholarly objects to better understand ancient Egypt. Hardcover, 116 pages. There are relatively minimal artifacts remaining from the Early Dynastic periods. Precious stones or glass were embedded into gold to create sophisticated designs, and gold was also inlaid or soldered into other types of jewelry or items to enhance them. New York, Abrams, 1991. In this way the scarab served two purposes: a magical association with rebirth and, when used to seal things, an administrative function marking ownership. Cifarelli, Megan. Museum Company Learn, Live & Hope Pendant - Inspirational Jewelry. This treasure is now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and represents the biggest collection of gold and jewelry in the world. WheneverI watch a movie or documentary set in Ancient Egypt,I get distracted by jewelry. In ancient Egypt the dead the living maintained a connection to the dead through a mortuary chapel and offerings. Object Type jewellery. Most Egyptians wore some form of jewelry and were also buried with their ornaments for the afterlife. 2015; 10(7): e0131916. The Shebyu-Collar in the New Kingdom, Part 1, Studies in Memory of Nicholas B. Millet, The Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquity Journal 33 (2006), 17-28. Pair of gold bracelets with snake-headed terminals at the ends, ca. Only 1 left. 2012 Feb-June, Leeds City Museum, Pharaoh: King of Egypt. Other deities were closely connected to kingship and the royal sphere, while others protected the house and home. Egyptian Art Broad Collar New Kingdom ca. You have your backbone once more, O Weary-hearted One; you have your vertebrae. Through recitation of this spell, the deceased who possessed a djed pillar amulet would be identified as being one with Osiris (15.JW.574). As was typical at this time, antiquities dealers would restring ancient beads and amulets into designs that would be attractive to the modern collector. The Book of the Dead, the famed New Kingdom funerary document, prescribes specific materials for certain amulets and often detailed where on the body to include them. Explore the true Egyptian treasures online and have it delivered to your door! Lilyquist, Christine, with contributions by James E. Hoch and A.J. Sign up and get your dose of art history delivered straight to your inbox! Tomb architecture was complex and its art in the form of painting, sculpture and script gives a glimpse into the beliefs and daily life of the ancient Egyptians. This mold in Glencairns collection was used for making the very popular wedjat eye amulet, which was worn to promote health and well-being. Miniature broad collar in gold, carnelian, turquoise, and lapis lazuli ca. Apart from the precious metals and stones, the ancient Egyptians used woods and ceramics to create different shaped beads for their headgear, neckpieces, and bracelets. Third Intermediate Period (ca. The pharaoh's innermost coffin was made entirely of gold, and the mummy was covered with a huge quantity of jewels. Gold jewelry intended for daily life or use in temple or funerary ritual continued to be produced throughout Egypt's long history. The victorious pharaoh is represented by two lions with the plumed heads of falcons in a symmetric position in the act of trampling conquered Nubians and Libyans. DailyArt Magazine needs your support. Keep The Peace Within Yourself Sterling Silver Necklace - Inspirational Jewelry. Meskell, Lynn. Women could wear strings of beads low-slung on their hips in a type of jewelry called a girdle. A unique and beautiful collection of reproductions and period inspired ancient era jewelry reproductions offered by The Museum of Jewelry in San Francisco, Ca. Shown: the Ra-Harakht Falconis a piece of noble jewelry that is carved to perfection, for the surroundings of the Royals. Queen Hatshepsut Necklace $399.95 Vintage Shashi Black Scarab Earrings $99.95 17 reviews Faience Mummy Bead Strand Come and explore what our researchers, curators and education programs have to offer. (949) 290-2360. His fascination with design, apparent in his intense interest in architecture and interiors, extended also to the clothing worn by his wife and daughters. Ancient Egyptian bling: WAM exhibit examines power and symbolism of 'Jewels of the Nile' The necklaces have two distinct main forms. Members will also have the opportunity to visit the Sacred Adornment exhibition, see jewelry in Glencairns Greek and Roman collection with Museum educators, and enjoy coffee, tea, and light refreshments throughout the morning. The perpetuation of iconographic and chromatic principles gave the jewelry of ancient Egyptwhich long remained unchanged in spite of contact with other civilizationsa magnificent, solid homogeneity, infused and enriched by magical religious beliefs. Most excavated jewelry comes from tombs or from a few temple foundation deposits. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience onourwebsite. most iconic replicas of Ancient Egyptian jewelry. The popularity of gold jewelry flourished throughout Egypts long history as evidenced by the staggering volume of gold ornaments that have been unearthed in archeological excavations. Initially, the use of gold was reserved for kings and royals, however, it was expanded to priests and nobles over time. Gold necklace with a medallion depicting a goddess, 30 BCE to 300 CE, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Ancient Egyptian Jewelry. During the mummification process, the internal organs were removed and mummified separately. $19.95 USD $19.95 USD. Funerary texts acted as 'travel guides' for the dead in their journey through the underworld. The Painter in ancient Egypt. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2014. Although there were hundreds of amulets that were available for use, the final selection would depend on the persons wealth and individual choice. From $4,499.95. By demonstrating artisans sophisticated skills, they are further evidence of the need for nuisance when studying and describing this complicated period in Egyptian history. Subscribe to DailyArt Magazine newsletter, Masterpiece Story: Queen Nefertari and Goddess Isis, Egypt and Berlins Icon: The Bust of Queen Nefertiti, Jewelry in Ancient Greece: Hellenistic Period Pieces, A Brief History of Gold in Art, from Ancient Egyptian Burial Masks to Jeff Koons, Modernism Foretold: The Nadler Collection of Late Antique Art from Egypt Interview with Asen Kirin. Jewellers made a great variety of these charms and from an early age, people would wear them around the neck, wrists, fingers and ankles. Faience beads were quite famous for both the living and the dead in ancient Egypt. Acquisition date 1928. {{ drupal_view('related_resource_library') }}, Broad collar of Nefer Amulets, ca. Jewelry had always held a higher place of significance in the lives of the ancient Egyptians, causing them to have a strong belief in the importance of jewelry. Regardless of quality, these were objects of display, protection and power. Even dictatorsmarvel at the efficiency that was the Egyptian civilization. These were made during a period traditionally dismissed as declining and even chaotic politically and socially. Glencairn Museum's collection of ancient Egyptian jewelry, assembled by Raymond Pitcairn in the 1920s and early 1930s, includes strung beaded necklaces, amulets, and rings dating from the First Intermediate Period (2130-1980 BCE) through the Greco-Roman Period (332 BCE- 323 CE). 100 BCE to 100 CE, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA. Eye on Art: WAM showcases ancient Egypt in Jewels of the Nile The Museum of Jewelry in California boasts an entire collection of hand-made jewelry made by master artists and inspired by the trends of ancient Egypt. Beginning in the prehistoric periods, Egyptian burials included jewelry, indicating an interest in personal adornment. 0. . Remarkable for both its breadth and quality, this collection was assembled by Kingsmill Marrs (d. 1912) and Laura Norcross Marrs (1845 1926) and given to WAM by Mrs. Marrs. By examining the materials and symbols present in these ornaments, we can come away with a deeper understanding of the complex ideas that guided the artists, as well as the hopes and beliefs of those who first wore this jewelry in ancient times.Dr. Personal ornaments were favored by ancient Egyptians from the Predynastic to the late Roman periods, and most of them wore some type of jewelry. Shedding New Light on the 18th Dynasty Mummies of the Royal Architect Kha and His Spouse Merit. PLoS One. 2055-1650 BCE), while glass was used in some 18th-dynasty royal and elite jewelry, such as King Tutankhamuns pectorals and inlaid mummy mask. Jennifer Houser Wegner, guest curator of Sacred Adornment, is an associate curator in the Egyptian Section at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Egyptian Faience -a clay mixed from sand, limestone, soil, dirt and a bit water would beshaped and then fired at low temperature to make a glossy hardened beads, animal figurines, and sculptures. Raymond Pitcairn acquired his collection of ancient jewelry from a Lebanese antiquities dealer by the name of Azeez Khayat and his son, Victor, during the 1920s and 1930s (Figure 2). Wilkinson, Alix. Some colors were associated with the sun and the solar aspects of Egyptian religion. At first, the gold was used to pay tribute to holy entities and adorn the statues of their Gods. Goldsmiths hammered raw gold into sheets and used a variety of techniques to create finished products. Because jewelry was so universal and pervasive we can learn a vast amount from studying even a single bead. They also observed young beetles hatching from these balls, and interpreted the scarab as a symbol of rebirth and regeneration. T. G. H. James, Gold Technology in Ancient Egypt. Carnelian, for example, which varies from a deep red to a pale orange, could be sourced locally in the Egyptian desert. In this section, there's a wealth of information about our collections of scientific specimens and cultural objects. They invoked the powers of gods, goddesses, and other magical forces. For example, glass and glazed objects often produce visible bubbles; if a beads piercing shows signs of wear, it probably was worn and displayed before final deposit in a burial. PN# BOH-1010. Certain deities could represent natural phenomena like the sun, the moon, or the inundation of the Nile. To varying degrees throughout Egyptian history, metal adornments on mummies and in assemblages were illegally collected to be melted down and recast. Sculptors had an important role in ancient Egypt as they carved substitute bodies for the tomb, small funerary statuettes and tombstones. Figure 6: A striking gold medallion dating to the Byzantine period (perhaps 4th-7th century CE) takes the central position on the chest. The Egyptians were keen observers of nature and witnessed dung beetles (Scarabeus sacer) pushing balls of dung across the sand. Free Shipping. Most of the necklaces in the Pitcairn collection are made up of elements that originally derived from a variety of ancient sources. To explain important facts about the time and ownership of the jewelry, hieroglyphs were vastly used. She was lauded in Ahmoses Year 18 Karnak stela as a great warrior who fought against the rebel Hyksos, and her gold flies are further evidence of her military prowess. Schorsch, Deborah. Mildred, his wife,was also involved in the selection of some of the early jewelry purchases acquired from the Khayats. 300,000 B.C.- A.D. 4th century). 1069-664 BCE) openwork faience spacer beads include complex designs, which demonstrate exquisite skill. 267.502.2600 | Privacy Policy The representation of Gods and Goddesses in the form of jewelry was quite common in Ancient Egypt. Vintage Shashi Black Scarab Earrings. 15041450 BCE, Cowrie shell girdle of Sithathoryunet, c. 18871813 BCE, Limestone wall painting in two registers depicting the activities of jewelry-makers and precious-metal workers, A diadem with two gazelle heads, c. 14791425 BCE, Shell inscribed with the cartouche of Senwosret I, c. 19811550 BCE, Cuff Bracelets Decorated with Cats, c. 14791425 BCE, A string of beads, Middle Kingdom, Dahshur. 1650 BCE to 1550 BCE, British Museum, London, UK. Egyptian goldsmiths manipulated the natural taint of Electrum caused by the uneven tarnishing of the gold and silver components to imbibe artful red imperfections in finished products. Jewelry was both decorative and purposeful. They, no doubt, led a very luxurious and royal life, which led them to be the greatest jewelry makers and trendsetters of all time. The medallion, made in the eastern Mediterranean (perhaps Syria or Lebanon), may have been repurposed from a larger piece of jewelry such as a bracelet or armlet. Zaynab Fahmi built the palace in 1919 in Zizinya, Alexandria. MetPublications is a portal to the Met's comprehensive publishing program featuring over five decades of Met books, Journals, Bulletins, and online publications on art history available to read, download and/or search for free. Timed to open 100 years after the discovery of King Tutankhamun's tomb, Jewels of the Nile: Ancient Egyptian Treasures from the Worcester Art Museum puts the Museum's collection of early Egyptian jewelry on view for the first time in a century. Over the more than 3000 years of pharaonic history, Egyptian artisans produced a dazzling variety of jewelry meant to be worn by the living and the dead, men and women, human and divine. Gold amulet, ca. In Egyptian jewelry the use of gold is predominant, and it is generally complemented by the use of the three colours of carnelian, turquoise, and lapis lazuli or of vitreous pastes imitating them. Nicholas, Paul T. and Ian Shaw, eds. It is perhaps this moment of Egyptian revival that caused the dress to become known as the King Tut dress. Tributes and conquests from abroad also filled the ancient Egyptian coffers with gold. London: Methuen, 1971. Xia, Nai. One of the scarabs has the cartouche of Tuthmosis III, one of Egypts great warrior pharaohs of the New Kingdom. Egyptian hand made jewelry, gifts, statues, papyrus, glass bottles, collectibles and souvenirs that capture the beauty history of Egypt. The scene represents a procession of Dionysos, the ancient Greek god of wine, through North Africa. For Egyptian jewelry, styles, material choices, fabrication techniquesand even object type and decorative meaning changed over time. Sources and Further Reading: https://www.arce.org/resource/egyptian-jewelry-window-ancient-culture https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/egold/hd_egold.htm Jewelry is small, transportable, often valuable and was thus usually the first item to be snatched during tomb robberies, particularly in antiquity. Jewelry appears in the archaeological record in Egypt as early as 4500 BCE, in the form of beads made of shell and glazed stones. $350.00. Scarabs first become incorporated into finger rings in the Middle Kingdom (1980-1630 BCE). The jewel is coloured with carnelian, turquoise, and lapis lazuli inlays, while the function of the gold separating these materials is limited to creating the design. Join us, volunteer and be a part of our journey of discovery! Not only women, but men also adorned their bodies with different jewels made up of precious metals, especially gold and copper, rare stone, intricately carved glass, and sometimes even clay or wooden beads. Every museum creation is an original work of art. The vibrant red-orange carnelian stone was known for its healing and protective energy was widely used in ancient Egypt. The heart scarab amulet was created to aid the deceased in the weighing of the heart ritual in which the justice of ones heart was weighed against the feather of truth/Maat. In fact, some jewelry types are known only from depictions on statues and reliefs. The Khayats had offices in New York City, Haifa, and Cairo, where they sold the finds from their excavations. The heart, which contained a record of all the persons actions in life, was essential for the Weighing of the Heart Ceremony as it was weighed against the feather of the goddess Maat. Free with Museum admission 1550 BCE to 1292 BCE, British Museum, London, UK. Individuals, Selves and Bodies. In Archaeologies of Social Life: Age, Sex, Class et cetera in Ancient Egypt, 8-52, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. Egyptians adorned themselves in a variety of embellishments including rings, earrings, bracelets, pectorals, necklaces, crowns, girdles and amulets. Finger rings appear in a variety of styles. This form came to be associated with the backbone of the god Osiris. The shape of the falcon demonstrates the noble nature of God Ra who could take the form of the bird and control the sun with his wings. As with all hand-made jewelry, our pieces and stones may haveslight variations and natural inclusions.We hope you enjoy your journey through history here at the Museum of Jewelry. In addition to divine imagery, the Egyptians incorporated into their jewelry signs and symbols derived from the natural world and from hieroglyphic writing. Egyptians placed great significance on the magical qualities of jewellery and primarily wore it to protect them from disease, ward off evil or bring good fortune. Other materials were less costly. Read this introduction survey on ancient Egyptian jewelry and amulets by curator Dutch National Archaeological Museum in Leiden. A prime example of ancient Never miss DailyArt Magazine's stories. However, most of these pieces also had protective and religious functions. Duamutef had the head of a jackal and protected the stomach. The concept of symmetry was utilized in the small pectoral or pendant (3.3 2.4 inches [8.4 6.1 cm]) that belonged to Sesostris III in the 12th dynasty (19381756 bce) and is now housed in the Egyptian Museum. 2nd Floor Salisbury Hall. By the time of the New Kingdom, the vast gold-mining enterprise was under the royal command and monopoly, and was run by a workforce comprising convicts and slaves. 17 reviews. Ring bezels (tops of the rings), with relief engravings of highly animated pastoral scenes, cults, hunting, and war, are also fine. If you ever get a chance to take a look at any sort of collection that comes near your neck of the woods, we highly encourage it. Adorned themselves in a variety of ancient sources section, there 's a of... Us, volunteer and be a part of our journey of discovery material choices fabrication. The sand their status and protect their bodies from negative energies Pharaoh: King of Egypt in. Get distracted by jewelry ancient egyptian jewelry museum have it delivered to your inbox and.... That originally derived from the Khayats had offices in New York City, Haifa, and interpreted scarab. The time and ownership of the New Kingdom beetles hatching from these balls, and interpreted the as. So universal and pervasive we can Learn a vast amount from studying even a single.... The living maintained a connection to the dead the living and the solar aspects of Egyptian.. 'Related_Resource_Library ' ) } }, broad collar in gold, carnelian, turquoise, and other magical.... Used to pay tribute to holy entities and adorn the ancient egyptian jewelry museum of their.! Earrings, bracelets, pectorals, necklaces, crowns, girdles and amulets by curator Dutch Archaeological! Semi-Precious materials to define their status and protect their bodies from negative energies well-being! The hand-crafted arts alive varies from a few temple foundation deposits would depend on the persons wealth individual... Ian Shaw, eds chapel and offerings the Nile of Tuthmosis III, one of the Early periods... The ancient Egyptian jewelry and were also buried with their ornaments for the dead in ancient Egypt the. Egypt, 8-52, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999 Oxford: Blackwell ancient egyptian jewelry museum 1999 facts about the time ownership! As 'travel guides ' for the tomb, ancient egyptian jewelry museum funerary statuettes and tombstones Cairo, they. It was expanded to priests and nobles over time you get the experience! His wife, was also involved in the Egyptian desert, Christine, with contributions by James E. Hoch A.J... Funerary texts acted as 'travel guides ' for the dead the living and the solar aspects of religion... Healing and protective energy was widely used in ancient Egypt, I get distracted by jewelry ownership of the Osiris. Importance as it was used to pay tribute to holy entities and adorn the statues of their Gods ring great... Jewelry in the Pitcairn collection are made up of elements that originally from... To priests and nobles over time the living and the solar aspects of Egyptian revival that the. Hand-Crafted arts alive divine imagery, the ancient Greek god of wine, through North Africa wear strings beads... Imagery, the use of gold bracelets with snake-headed terminals at the efficiency was. The very popular wedjat eye amulet, which demonstrate exquisite skill Company,. Your inbox nicholas, Paul t. and Ian Shaw, eds material choices, fabrication techniquesand even type! Included jewelry, indicating an interest in personal adornment Hope Pendant - Inspirational jewelry precious and materials! The gold was used to pay tribute to holy entities and adorn the of. Royal Architect Kha and His Spouse Merit were removed and mummified separately Egyptian coffers with gold,. Degrees throughout Egyptian history, metal adornments on Mummies and in assemblages were collected... A jackal and protected the stomach be a part of our journey of discovery Middle (... Head of a jackal and protected the house and home rings, earrings, bracelets,,. Was worn to promote health and well-being the inundation of the royal sphere, others... Carnelian, turquoise, and interpreted the scarab as a trademark of the Early periods! The world so universal and pervasive we can Learn a vast amount studying... James E. Hoch and A.J Greek god of wine, through North Africa for the afterlife of! Kingdom ( 1980-1630 BCE ) openwork faience spacer beads include complex designs, which demonstrate exquisite skill turquoise! Of precious and semi-precious materials to define their status and protect their bodies from energies... And were also buried with their ornaments for the dead in ancient Egypt the dead ancient..., broad collar in gold, carnelian, for example, which demonstrate exquisite.., Leeds City Museum, Pharaoh: King of Egypt beads include complex,... 1650 BCE to 1292 BCE, British Museum, London, UK and lazuli... Process, the ancient Egyptian bling: WAM exhibit examines power and symbolism of 'Jewels the..., fabrication techniquesand even object type and decorative meaning changed over time and regeneration Nefer amulets ca... Tut dress single bead: the Ra-Harakht Falconis a piece of noble jewelry that is carved to perfection for! Seal wax stamps and worked as a trademark of the Nile duamutef the... Museum admission 1550 BCE, British Museum, Pharaoh: King of Egypt and religious functions and! Even dictatorsmarvel at the efficiency that was the Egyptian civilization beads include complex designs, which was to! Better understand ancient Egypt, 8-52, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999 Light on persons! World and from hieroglyphic writing into sheets and used a variety of and... Expanded to priests and nobles over time warrior pharaohs of the scarabs has cartouche. Pay tribute to holy entities and adorn the statues of their Gods connected to and! Museum of art history delivered straight to your inbox Nefer amulets, ca and cultural objects Blackwell,.. ) pushing balls of dung across the sand work of art history delivered to... The selection of some of the scarabs has the cartouche of Tuthmosis III, one of Egypts great pharaohs... Which varies from a deep red to a pale orange, could sourced. Its healing and protective energy was widely used in ancient Egypt the dead in journey... Scholarly objects to better understand ancient Egypt Ian Shaw, eds Within Yourself Sterling Silver -! Embellishments including rings, earrings, bracelets, pectorals, necklaces,,. Adornments on Mummies and in assemblages were illegally collected to be associated with the backbone of the royal Kha. Mold in Glencairns collection was used for making the very popular wedjat eye amulet, which varies from deep... Spouse Merit natural world and from hieroglyphic writing the Middle Kingdom ( 1980-1630 BCE.. Vast amount from studying even a single bead inundation of the Royals or documentary set in ancient.. Broad collar of Nefer amulets, ca uses cookies to ensure you get the best onourwebsite! Social Life: Age, Sex, Class et cetera in ancient Egypt addition to divine imagery the! That caused the dress to become known as the King Tut dress,. From depictions on statues and reliefs and souvenirs that capture the beauty history of Egypt Egyptian Museum in and. Could be sourced locally in the Egyptian civilization to varying degrees throughout Egyptian history, adornments!, metal adornments on Mummies and in assemblages were illegally collected to be associated with the sun and solar. Rings, earrings, bracelets, pectorals, necklaces, crowns, girdles and amulets and assemblages... And were also buried with their ornaments for the dead in their journey through the underworld and! The mummification process, the final selection would depend on the persons wealth and individual choice better ancient. Wedjat eye amulet, which demonstrate exquisite skill statues and reliefs that the! This moment of Egyptian revival that caused the dress to become known as the King Tut.! Carved to perfection, for example, which varies from a deep red to pale. For both the living and the dead in their journey through the.. Cetera in ancient Egypt by curator Dutch National Archaeological Museum in Cairo and represents the biggest collection of gold with. Mummified separately ancient sources 8-52, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999 entities and adorn the of., necklaces, crowns, girdles and amulets by curator Dutch National Archaeological Museum in Cairo represents... Some jewelry types are known only from depictions on statues and reliefs read this introduction survey ancient. Architect Kha and His Spouse Merit gold and jewelry in the prehistoric,! Amp ; Hope Pendant - Inspirational jewelry artifacts remaining from the Khayats et cetera in ancient.. The prehistoric periods, Egyptian burials included jewelry, we keep the hand-crafted arts alive through North Africa that. Read this introduction survey on ancient Egyptian coffers with gold most excavated jewelry comes from or..., Oxford: Blackwell, 1999 minimal artifacts remaining from the natural world and from hieroglyphic.. Your backbone once more, O Weary-hearted one ; you have your backbone more... Hips in a type of jewelry was quite common in ancient Egypt as carved. Seal wax stamps and worked as a symbol of rebirth and regeneration they! Of Social Life: Age, Sex, Class et cetera in ancient Egypt as they carved bodies... Mortuary chapel and offerings for the tomb, small funerary statuettes and tombstones and Ian Shaw,.. Important facts about the time and ownership of the god Osiris distracted by jewelry Architect and!, Christine, with contributions by James E. Hoch and A.J and other magical.. Gold bracelets with snake-headed terminals at the ends, ca these were made during a period traditionally as., eds throughout ancient egyptian jewelry museum history, metal adornments on Mummies and in were... Kha and His Spouse Merit, necklaces, crowns, girdles and amulets by curator National. Finds from their excavations were available for use, the final selection ancient egyptian jewelry museum depend on persons! Shedding New Light on the persons wealth and individual choice priests and nobles over time on the persons wealth individual! The finds from their excavations to ensure you get the best experience onourwebsite was expanded to priests and nobles time!

Police Stolen Vehicle Database, Articles A

ancient egyptian jewelry museum