probably disappeared during most of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Rice and others, 1979, p. F5, In recent years, the risk of earthquakes in the C&E Tennessee seismic zone has increased due to the numerous chemical reactions, and the presence of active faults in the region. The most dramatic fault shown in the block diagram is the Pine Mountain thrust fault, which occurs in southeasternmost Kentucky. In 1811-1812, three earthquakes measuring between 7-8 (out of the standard magnitude scale of 1.0-10.0) in magnitude originated from this fault. The broad, The Cascadia Subduction Zone, Pacific Northwest By the time Lewis and Clark arrived on the West Coast in 1805, it had been 105 years since the Cascadia Subduction Zone last ruptured, sending a large portion of the Pacific Ocean roaring toward the coast. A map of earthquakes epicenters, however, reflects faulting at depth and shows that the earthquakes define several branches of the New Madrid seismic zone in northeastern Arkansas, southwestern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and northwestern Tennessee. A quake of this magnitude would have devastating consequences on infrastructure and could potentially trigger massive tsunamis. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). FIGURE 17.-Index to location of cross sections on the geologic map. Getting the basin filled with water as soon as possible after construction prevents drying and cracking, and possible leakage, of the clayey soil liner. 0000003508 00000 n All files associated with this page are copyrighted 1997 University of Kentucky. 3 quake occurred near Smiths Grove. There, the Devonian (red on the section) and Mississippian (light blue on the section) strata appear to split upward on the eastern (right) side of the diagram. 14), and then after some distance, crossed another fault. The KyGeoNet is the Geospatial Data Clearinghouse for the Commonwealth of Kentucky. does not extend westward of the Lexington fault zone. by the Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky. 02% in any given year. indicated by the outcrop area of the oldest rocks exposed in the State, the High Bridge Group (Ohb) of The debate over the maximum magnitudes of earthquakes is still ongoing and there has yet to be a definitive answer as the exact measurement of magnitude is hard to pin down due to the strength of the tectonic plates in different areas. The red lines are optimal fault orientations, which are most likely to create . Powered by Leaflet Maps provided by MapQuest, OpenStreetMap and contributors., USGS, Peter Bird, USGS. This is called a fault. angle normal faults and less common reverse faults bounding a series of grabens and horsts, with a total Illinois basin.--The Illinois basin is a major structural downwarp in the eastern midcontinent, occupying large Some seismologists believe that the maximum magnitude for a quake is 9. At the second fault the mine operators were able to ramp 15 feet into the Herrin coal (W. Ky. No. A detail of the western part of the block diagram, presented as a cross section (2-dimensional panel illustration) how the Tertiary and Cretaceous strata cut across the older Paleozoic strata, and dip into the Paducah-Memphis Basin. The fault system runs from the Mississippi Delta, through Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky. J8T< B%3 F>YM^S=d0BqeCCu &8E2AYx`LR {]T)|x% ;". Washington experiences frequent, moderate earthquakes from its many active fault systems. characterized at the surface by concentric and radial faults, an uplifted, brecciated, and partly dolomitized The fractures are covered by thick layers of rock, which in turn are overlaid by deep, unstable alluvial material relating to the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers. Denison and others (1984, fig. Use the search capabilities of the KyGovMaps Open GIS Data . most movement on faults at the southern end of the Illinois basin took place at the end of the Paleozoic. Output includes the KY county and KY 1:24,000 quadrangle where the coordinate is located and links to map views. These fractures can also contribute to roadway failure. Kentucky. At the surface it is represented and Kankakee arches on the north and east (fig. Fault planes are not always vertical, so the position of the fault may change with depth depending on the dip of the fault plane. Kentucky, United States has had: (M1.5 or greater) 0 earthquakes in the past 24 hours. fluorspar district (fig. County geology. Some wells in this area drilled along drainage lines that may produce enough water for a domestic supply except during dry weather. Ordovician inception of the arch in Kentucky, the geologic quadrangle mapping has shown no features of If a quake of that magnitude were to occur, it would result in widespread damage across much of the midwestern states, including Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Alaska has a long history of powerful earthquakes, including the 1964 Great Alaskan Earthquake which had a magnitude of 9. Nelson (1981, 1983) provided examples of mining adjacent to and through faults in southern Illinois. 16), resulting in the expression of a cryptoexplosive structure nearly 4 mi across in Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian rocks. Thankfully, the area was not as populated as it is now, so the damage was limited. or post-Paleozoic movement. Cretaceous time, after subsidence and erosion of the Pascola arch to the south (Olive, 1980, p. 5). Thankfully, there were only minor reported injuries and no deaths associated with the quake. Pronounced effects of arching are shown by pre-Middle Devonian States located along the Madrid Fault Line include Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky. The Grenville Front, apparently in digital geologic map information service, 310 Columbia Ave, 228 Mining and Mineral Resources Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0107. Mo., a few miles from the border of westernmost Kentucky (Heyl and McKeown, 1978). East and west of the axis of the Arch, strata gradually dip beneath the surface into two bowls or depressions in the Earth's crust, called basins. Borden Formation (Mbf) at the east margin of sheet 3 about 4 mi south of the Ohio River. migration of an arch through northeastern Kentucky in the Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician; they Kentucky). Overall, the Madrid Fault Line affects the following states: Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Data set is derived from the 7.5-minute geologic quadrangle maps (scale 1:24,000); then attributed, edgematched, and compiled for statewide coverage. A clayey soil pond liner is placed in loose, moist layers nine inches thick and compacted in six passes with a sheepsfoot roller. The rule-of-thumb is one foot of compacted clay for each 8 feet of water depth. Engineering design principles are employed in roadways and bridges to prepare for such situations. inclusion of the Cumberland thrust sheet of southeasternmost Kentucky in the fold-and-thrust province. 9) coal (Greb and Williams, 2000). Thousands of earthquakes have been recorded in this region since 1974. Most of this data has been summarized by McGuire and labeled on the geologic map, but it appears as a small, round outcrop area of the Muldraugh Member of the Therefore, the term "Illinois basin" is used herein to avoid confusion.) While the state is not located in an area that is highly prone to earthquakes, it is located in an area with a moderate level of seismic activity. The. Englund and Roen (1963) suggested a meteor-impact origin for the structure on the basis of the presence of 7 earthquakes in the past, and is capable of producing earthquakes with magnitudes of up to 9. F21). Despite these studies, the seismic activity in Kentucky remains relatively low in comparison to other areas of the United States, and there is no evidence that highly destructive seismic activity is likely in the near future. Likewise, movement along a fault plane is not always uniform, so the amount of offset may change laterally. The fractures are covered by thick layers of rock, which in turn are . 0 earthquake. been described by Black (1964). Butler County - Morgantown. A few drill holes have penetrated these rocks in central Kentucky where they are as little as 5,000 feet beneath the surface, but in most areas they occur at depths that have not been drilled, so little is known about them. document.write(d.getFullYear()); the Allegheny Front, is placed by many workers at the Pine Mountain overthrust (fig. A septic system is installed for a public facility near Berea. The quakes were so strong the mighty Mississippi River flowed backward for three days. This map courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) shows the major earthquake hazard areas within the United States based on fault lines. Old mine maps in a potential mine area can also provide information as to the location of potential faults. Last modified Valley syncline (Krause and Treworgy, 1979). xref . A map of the fault lines database from the United States Geological Survey. 5) also show right lateral offset of about It has produced magnitude 8 to 8. McKeown These fault lines are all part of the larger New Madrid Seismic Zone, a region spanning 7 states and known for its earthquake activity. The hard dolomite of the Boyle formation was undercut by weathering of the softer shale of the Crab Orchard Formation, which caused the dolomite to fracture and fall. It is These are discussed in the section on faults. structure, about midway between Louisville and Lexington (sheet 2), is 14,000 ft in diameter. Legend Issues: Some legend items may not print in the layout. the Nashville dome in central Tennessee through central Kentucky to northwestern Ohio, where it The Jessamine dome (fig. NEXT||PREVIOUS||TABLE OF CONTENTS. was a shoal in late Middle and early Late Ordovician time. In most cases, faulting impedes mining and forms the boundary of a mine, so adverse roof conditions adjacent to faults lead to entries along mine boundaries being abandoned. Faulting the geologic map layers are set at 20% transparent by default). Kentucky 1:24,000 Geologic Map Data. 133 9 From AIPG (1993). Atherton (1971, p. 37) suggested that the Kankakee arch, the northwestward extension of the Geophysical It is a domal structure, about 2 mi in diameter and unfaulted The EFZ runs east-west through the far western part of the state and into Tennessee, while the CU runs through eastern and southeastern Kentucky. In Alabama, the fault line is concentrated in the northeastern part of the state, extending from Cullman County to Lauderdale County. A report this week from theLos Angeles Times took a look at what a devastating earthquake could do to Los Angeles and the lessons to be learned from the calamitous 6.3 magnitude quake in 2011 that all but flattened Christchurch, New Zealand. The present structural relief on the arch results mostly from latest Paleozoic Pennsylvanian system compiled by Coskren and Rice (1979) from data derived from drilling records and In seismic exploration, energy waves are directed into the ground and are reflected by the different grouping of rocks back up to the surface and recorded. They are covered by the Tertiary strata and are not visible at the surface, so they all appear to stop at the Tertiary on the geology map. Yes, there have been 10. No, there is no tectonic plate located in Kentucky. http://kgs.uky.edu/kgsweb/download/wrs/MADISON.pdf, Water well information is available at: http://wris.state.ky.us/website/kgs/viewer.htm. displacement, down to the south, generally of about 300 ft but locally as much as ten times that (see cross Early Silurian time (McDowell and Peterson, 1980; McDowell, 1983), when strata of the eastern flank began 3 earthquakes in the past 7 days. Thanks for contacting us. Beneath the Surface [Geologic Structures]. The feature is about 5,000 ft in diameter and is in limestones and shales of This earthquake caused about 2,000 deaths and left about 1. Create a bookmark, record the ID, and use your own layout here. major structural features, and tectonic history, including age of deformation where known. Thousands of milder aftershocks occurred daily for more than a year. 133 0 obj <> endobj Parts of Kentucky may be profoundly affected by seismicity in the well-known New Madrid seismic zone of upwarping in the Early to Middle Devonian, and again during formation of the regional Mississippian Ordovician) deposition. Mapped faults provide an obvious location and orientation that can be projected in advance of mining. bounded rift zone which is responsible for the relatively high level of modern seismic activity in the New Although the arch was a positive structural element through much of the Paleozoic, strata were Beneath the Surface [Geologic Structures]. Summaries of the geology in each of Kentucky's counties by Kentucky students. In areas overlying limestone, septic system leaks can occur through fractures in the limestone, contaminating groundwater. include the Michigan basin as well. Kentucky and adjacent States, indicate that the dominant rock types east of the Grenville Front are granite Offset along faults may be measured in inches to thousands of feet. Yes, Kentucky is in a seismic zone. In Kentucky, the fault line passes through the western part of the state, extending from the city of Paducah to the states border with Tennessee. There are numerous faults in Kentucky. New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earths crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. Geological Survey OF-89-0106, Plate 11, 151 p. Carey, D.I., and Stickney, J.F., 2001, Ground-water resources of Madison County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, Open-file Report OF-01-73, 30 p. Blue Grass Area Development District, 2003. Lexington (sheet 2 of the geologic map), near the axis of the Cincinnati arch (fig. In addition to the physical destruction, an earthquake of this magnitude would also cause a great deal of emotional and psychological distress. Illustration prepared by Paul D. Lowman Jr., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. northwestward over Pennsylvanian rocks with a total displacement of about 7.5 mi (Rice, Sable, and others, thisYr = thisYr + 1900; Underlying shale may restrict percolation in some areas. northeastern Kentucky (Dever and others, 1977). Most polygon layers have some transparency set (e.g. trailer Map showing Quaternary faults in the western U.S. and Pacific Ocean. Weir and others, 1984), though Borella and Osborne (1978) suggested that the area of the Jessamine dome The quake was the largest earthquake ever recorded in magnitude and intensity, occurring off the coast of Valparaiso, Chile. Both sides of the Illinois Basin are preserved in western Kentucky, which is why the Pennsylvanian strata on the geologic map have a roughly circular pattern surrounded by Mississippian strata. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. reports indicate that, although the most severe earthquakes (New Madrid type) may occur only every A variety of datasets can be located and downloaded, static map products can be viewed, and many web mapping applications and services are easily accessible. New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earth's crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. Contact the Webmaster for questions and comments. Cumberland Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee. Cambrian Major tectonic events in Kentucky for which evidence has accumulated begin with late Precambrian rifting section B-B' on sheet I of the geologic map). The relative direction or motion of movement defines the type of fault. This is a known . All files associated with this page are copyrighted 1997 mapping has revealed numerous minor normal faults and grabens, many en echelon in northwest-trending The Waverly arch and the Kentucky Where faults are small and entries are advanced through the fault or ramped into coals on the other side of the fault, supplemental support may be needed, depending on the rock type and strength of the roof on either side of the fault. The basin USGS The USGS has a faults website that includes an interactive fault map that allows users to views a map. The New Madrid earthquake series of 1811-12 produced the strongest shocks known to have been felt in and Zietz, 1976), marking the southern boundary of the Moorman syncline, is similar in form to the Rough Lexington, Kentucky River, and Irvine-Paint Creek fault systems (fig. The age is closely constrained: disturbed beds include and the structure as mapped at the surface. saddle, the depression between the Jessamine dome and the Nashville dome of Tennessee; and the central area, and a downdropped peripheral belt. There has been no activity along these faults in recorded history. ), Swelling soils and expansive clay shales can cause construction problems in some areas of the county. eastern Kentucky northeastward across West Virginia into Pennsylvania. Jeptha Knob, first described by Bucher (1925), has recently been described in detail by Cressman (1981). several thousand years (McKeown, 1982, p. 1), damaging earthquakes in the region have been common No major damage was reported, although numerous cracks and water leaks appeared in homes in Hardinsburg. The quake was felt across much of the state and many neighboring states. 11) and continue mining. Creek and Pennyrile fault systems, the Moorman syncline, and faults in and around the Illinois-Kentucky 8, with anything past that not being measureable or happening at all. In some cases, coals become mineralized (calcite veins, etc.) Virginia (Dever and others, 1977). 2023 NYP Holdings, Inc. 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