The African American Struggle for Equality, Civil Rights for Indigenous Groups: Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hawaiians, Toward Collective Action: Mediating Institutions, Divided Government and Partisan Polarization, Collective Action and Interest Group Formation, Interest Groups as Political Participation, Free Speech and the Regulation of Interest Groups, Delivering Collective Action: Formal Institutions, The Design and Evolution of the Presidency, Presidential Governance: Direct Presidential Action, Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights, Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court, Bureaucracy and the Evolution of Public Administration, Understanding Bureaucracies and their Types, Institutional Relations in Foreign Policy, https://openstax.org/books/american-government-3e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/american-government-3e/pages/14-critical-thinking-questions, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. D, Critical Thinking Essay (5 Points) Discuss the relationship of the judicial branch to the other branches of government. In most countries, these are governments in some way below the national government, whatever form it takes. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. Disparate state laws create inequality and oppression which affect the general country. Steve Q. is a 52-year-old male with a family history of alcoholism. Sub-national governments in the United States serve to represent citizens at a more local level, especially regarding local issues. For instance, Barak Obama appointed democratic justices because he's a Democrat. Explain. Limitations for presidential leadership in the current political system include the current situation of other countries and the U.S. economy. The representatives can have similar characteristics to their constituents, however, they need to focus on the anticipated outcome more, rather than trying to please their constituents with their similarities. Sub-national governments manage local affairs on behalf of national governments. 22. The most common special purpose district are school districts, which manage K-12 school systems in most parts of the country. Why? While much of the money for schools comes from state governments, school districts manage how the money is spent. \text{Total}&1,50&146&296 However, the publisher has asked for the customary Creative Commons attribution to the original publisher, authors, title, and book URI to be removed. Do term limits seem to have more advantages or disadvantages? Much of what has reached us on Cleopatra came from Roman sources. 6. 78, Alexander Hamilton characterized the judiciary as the ________ branch of government. Georgia is not the only state trying to restrict voting. Congress usually insists that the states adhere to certain standards and levels of funding in order to receive federal matching funds, although in recent decades Congress has leaned more toward giving states some leeway in deciding how to structure such programs. State and local governments therefore are often responsible for things such as local transportation needs, law enforcement, and public schools, and sometimes have a role in broader issues such as environmental protection and health care. Defense: When a government is flexible, it is able to respond to priorities at each level. One advantage of so many local and state (i.e., subnational) governments in the United States of America is often attached to freedom. A sample of 150 female SMB owners and 146 male SMB owners revealed the following results: CONCERNEDABOUTLIMITEDACCESSTOMONEY? \end{array} & \begin{array}{c} Sub-national governments manage local affairs on behalf of national governments. Local authorities are able to adapt to local needs and react more quickly to local problems than central government. Different regions of us have different priorities and problems with concern, so sub-national governments help within the proper governing of various regions. Short Answer (2 Points) The existence of the dual court system is an unnecessary duplication to some but beneficial to others. Subnational governments are also an important fallback when the national government does not fully act on an issue. That may provide some inconvenience at times, but it can also reduce the risk of an unknown violation of the law. This process artificially shapes what happens in society because blogs, social media, and even face-to-face conversations might be monitored to see if something harmful to the government is said. Instead of working with local governing officials, the centralized state will send a delegate to oversee the needs of each community. from Columbia College Chicago M.F.A. The UK is technically a constitutional monarchy, but it functions as a unitary state because all political power is held by Parliament. The founding fathers wanted to make sure that American citizens always had representation and a voice in government; many people believe sub-national governments ensure that citizens' voices are heard. Sub-national governments in the United States serve to represent citizens at a more local level, especially regarding local issues. The autonomy of states or provinces will depend if the overall system of government is federal or unitary. Local services are still a priority for a unitary form of government. Defend your answer'. The U.S. Constitution also strengthened the role of the federal government by specifically giving the government a set of specific powers, the expressed powers, and the implied powers. How might Congress overcome the fact that such representation does not always best serve constituents' interests? However, SCOTUS is less powerful than the other branches with the implementation and enforcement of its rulings because the judicial branch relies on the legislative and executive branch to implement and enforce its rulings. The benefit of having a government at the local, county, and state level is that it can concentrate on local needs without interfering on the national level. In rural areas, special purpose districts may be created to manage pest control and irrigation, allowing local farmers to pool their resources and provide common service to a wider number of people. Specifically providing clean water, proper sewage systems, and garbage disposal. Normally, the author and publisher would be credited here. (2022, September 23). \underline{\textbf{Share information}}\\ These range from counties to cities to special purpose districts, local governments designed to provide and manage a particular kind of service. The company is registered at 4 Diagora Street, Kermia Building, Office 202, P.C. Local governments created to perform a particular task, such as providing water, sewer or fire service. In 49 states, voters choose a two-chambered legislature, such as a house and a Senate. If you decide to travel to a different town in a neighboring county, then youre still subject to your own local laws in some situations, while also being required to follow what is expected in that other community. Because the goal of a government is self-preservation, the various arms that work at the local level are usually the first resources cut when theyre in budgetary issues. Which model of bureaucracy best explains the way the government currently operates? The selection of the candidate with fewer electoral votes triggered the rise of party control over nominations. This separation also allows for the individual subnational governments to focus on specific problems that are more closely related and effecting a specific group of people. \text { No } & \underline{112} & \underline{126} & \underline{238}\\ Suppose the following information is available for Callaway Golf Company for the years 2014 and 2013. \text { LIMITED ACCESS }\\ What are the advantages and disadvantages of having so many levels of subnational governments in the United States? c. Congress may withhold funding needed to implement court decisions. 21. The 50 U.S. states are in some ways like 50 mini-republics, each with its own executive, legislative and judicial branches. Recent tests have revealed Steve has fatty liver, which concerns him. In the United States, the constitution specifically reserved some of the powers of governing to the federal government. Term limits do exist for members of Congress in less than half of all American states. How did the election of 1824 change the way presidents were selected? As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Although it is possible for a unitary government to make decisions quickly, the structure can lack in the infrastructure it needs to implement the choices it makes. the local constituents tend to care about things that affect them. These people or governing agencies will hold almost every decision-making responsibility once they are put into office. The dual court system refers to the existence of both a state and federal court. The structure of the unitary government means that every decision is made by the central governing body. However, there can be disadvantages to having so many levels of sub-national government in the nation. eNotes Editorial, 3 Mar. The term is important for the protection of democracy. When this happens, its usually because one of these local governments is too small to support itself. Explain. The majority typically rules at the expense of the minority in this situation, only granting rights to people when it suits their best interests. B.A. Other powers are then granted to the collective states, while a handful of responsibilities are shared by both. In what ways is SCOTUS less powerful than other branches? Explain. Posted . It can also have a slower national response in localized emergencies. Cities fix potholes, help organize summer fairs and festivals, and maintain local parks. When answering this question, there are three levels of government to focus on: local, state, and federal government. A good president has to be able to negotiate with other lawmakers and Congress. Is it preferable for representatives in the state legislature to behave as trustees or as delegates? Explain. The saying "All politics is local" roughly means ________. Thus the president's side receives fewer votes because the less interested voters aren't present. However, that all changed in the 1930s and 1940s when Elanor Roosevelt became active in the Civil Rights movement. are licensed under a, Who Governs? However, you should also consider what the effects of term limits might be: would members of Congress have enough time to accomplish true change if their time was limited? That may provide some inconvenience at times, but it can also reduce the risk of an unknown violation of the law. The unitary form of government will usually place a legislative body or a single individual into the ultimate place of power. However, there can be disadvantages to having so many levels of sub-national government in the nation. A unitary government can work to control every aspect of life for the people it governs. Likewise, consider how large the United States is. There are no overlapping districts, issues with gerrymandering, or political polarization because everything operates through the central system. 5. When we take a look back through the stories of history, the pages are quick to show that when power is held by only a few or just one, then it is abused far too easily. \text { Male } While subnational governments can't do everything on their own (they can't declare war), they do possess the latitude to pass myriad laws and make their own choices when it comes to expenditures. Answers provided by our specialists are only to be used for inspiration, generating ideas, or gaining insight into specific topics. In which level of substate government would you be most likely to get involved? It is much easier to move from town to town and state to state than to move to another country. a. Senate approval is needed for the appointment of justices and federal judges. defer to the decisions of the elected branches of government. citation tool such as, Authors: Glen Krutz, Sylvie Waskiewicz, PhD. The advantage of the unitary government is that this confusion disappears. This book uses the The trend toward descriptive representation suggests that constituents want their representatives to be similar to them as if that will make their representatives more understanding of the issues and more apt to fix them. Latest answer posted January 29, 2013 at 2:27:31 AM. School districts usually have regularly elected boards of directors and a hired superintendent to manage the everyday operations of the district. struggles for power between the president and the Congress. Remember that the status of sub-national or local depends on whether the nation operates under a federal or under a unitary system. In unitary governments, all power comes from the national government, which delegates some of that power to local governments to carry out the local business of governing. \end{array} & \begin{array}{c} 1999-2023, Rice University. What are the four types of government (oligarchy, aristocracy, monarchy, democracy)? 4. Has this book helped you? 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