Copyright 2002-2023 Science Buddies. Make flags to label the parts of your DNA out of paper clips and tape. Write down the guide RNA 1 . What is the Lewis structure and molecular geometry of SOClX2\ce{SOCl2}SOClX2? **No prep needed - ready to be assigned. hb```f``b`a`` @V8"EAA!F>M7u~q{$u^\-^env@3{CyG{7TH9 )Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form. Scaffolded and open, DNA Modeling Discovery PUZZLE Activity using Drag and Drop + WebQuest(50 minute activity)This is an SELF-GUIDED, GUIDED INQUIRY, DISCOVERY LAB. HtR0J=F|$ "p]<>{4Z=)-15wd)J=:FhP.}b&Fn qt3RX LHi)Z9:&(*|=?7d_esI>%e)yC+Fj- Vg29LWi&0 Students use paper nucleotides printed on card stock to build a single-stranded DNA sequence assigned by their instructor. Once they make the first part of the bracelet from the DNA code they are given they will then match the bases with the pair, This is a hands on protein synthesis activity that serves as an interactive model to help students build an understand of transcription and translation, their relationship and outcomes. For each level, students build paper models of DNA. w;8bdG0kTE!~[vzRF1>i[8Me;[xl2+0\L^--Yq0QWsa_c~0 0000045205 00000 n g. Aggressively gargle and swish with water after eating or drinking. Although the blueprint is differentafter all, plants, fungi, and humans are very different organismsthe way it is encoded in DNA is identical. One detail is missing: DNA is twisted. WebMaking A Model Of Dna Answer Key Pdf upload Suny x Hayda 2/27 Downloaded from filemaker.journalism.cuny.edu on January 7, 2023 by Suny x Hayda from the endstream endobj 90 0 obj <>/Outlines 66 0 R/Pages 87 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 91 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 92 0 obj <>stream For each visible color (code chemical), can you tell which color (code chemical) is hidden? TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. 0000009378 00000 n Take a piece of rope about one meter long. 0000002124 00000 n 357 0 obj <> endobj xref I explain step by step how to set up a "DNA model building" station and have students create their own model using pop beads. This hands on activity challenges students to create their own model of DNA that includes base pairs, nucleotides, and the double helix. Understand the process of dehydration synthesis. 1. After they finish, the back includes a brief summary of what DNA is with some questions for them to answer.Answer Key Include. Carefully twist your DNA molecule so that it looks like a double helix. Get this activity at a big discount in our DNA & Chromosomes BUNDLE!How this activity works:Step 1 - Students color the bases, phosphates, and sugar according to the key.Step 2 - Cut out the individual shapes. There is a better chance of correct copying if one half is the original. Construct a DNA Model Genetics Construct a DNA Model Shannan Muskopf March 18, 2017 This simple activity asks students to cut out shapes of nucleotides, each having a phosphate, a base, and a deoxyribose sugar. They will pick a living organism and develop a key (bead colors to represent bases) in order to make their bracelet. DNA encodes the genetic blueprint of a life form using four chemicals. Describe the base-pair rule. 133 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<49D7E3CE35658792C23A41087AC06ADA><09C0E95D9E0C1F45A95C448D2E374505>]/Index[118 30]/Info 117 0 R/Length 77/Prev 563244/Root 119 0 R/Size 148/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 0000004787 00000 n In DNA, these four chemicals always link together to form pairs: A pairs with T and C pairs with G. In this very specific way, the two complementary strands link together to form DNA: a long molecule that looks a little like a rope ladder, only about 200,000,000 times smaller and twisted. 4. Students will use their knowledge on the structure of DNA to build a 3D-model out of a variety of materials. @M^iJf`t@ ?q endstream endobj 401 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[100 257]/Length 31/Size 357/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream They then apply their knowledge of complementary base pairing to model how CRISPR targets specific DNA sequences. -Background Reading page Topics covered:What is DNA?Where can DNA be found at a crime scene?How is DNA Evidence collected and stored?History of DNA EvidenceWhat is the value of DNA as evidence?Limitations of DNA evidenceSteps for making a DNA, Student Objectives: Describe the general structure, subunits, and examples for each of the four types of macromolecules. Refer to Model 1. Performing th, SAVE BIG when you combine our most popular MIDDLE SCHOOL LEVEL DNA ACTIVITIES! -5 analysis questions Click on the edit DNA, you will now see the original sequence used to make the protein: ATGCCGGGCGGCGAGAGCTTGCTAATTGGCTTATAA . 0000013957 00000 n Even before the structure of DNA was solved, studies indicated that the genetic material must have the following properties: be able to store information; be faithfully replicated and be passed on from generation to generation; and allow for changes, and thus evolution, to occur. This molecule is called DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid. Dihybrid Ranch Punnett Square Practice Biology EOC/STAAR Review: Sort your candies by color. 0000012554 00000 n A wrong step will cause a mutatio, Spice up your review on DNA, nucleotides, the Watson and Crick model of DNA, replication, and more using a fun game format! This results in a high quality and very productive review session for all students.This resource contains one Jeopardy-styl, This interactive digital science activity gives students the power to build their own model of a DNA Molecule. The download is a PDF file. If is often quite entertaining to witness them recognize that their worksheet is different than their neighbors. 0000001681 00000 n Clear tape. This will help you see what DNA looks like! It includes conclusion questions to round out the activity. Sugars, phosphates, and bases fit together like a JIGSAW PUZZLE! This DNA Cut and Paste Model Activity is a great activity in which students read a short article about what DNA is and then make their own DNA models by cutting and pasting nucleotide pairs to create their own short sequence. the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring. 0000067384 00000 n :b\;}nY ypXqn^!\jrF-Sw"n[;L!6OzV$o^7 Students are provided 50 DNA puzzle pieces. Amoeba Sisters LLC. . Watson, J. D. and F. H. C. Crick. trailer <<6A7BCDBB79C442E9A6BB14324A3913E5>]/Prev 262765/XRefStm 1681>> startxref 0 %%EOF 402 0 obj <>stream Using the following materials, follow the steps below to see how this is done. DNA stands for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid. These are suggestions for the order of DNA bases. What structure holds the two sister chromatids together as they prepare for cell division? Number the steps below in order to describe the replication of DNA in a cell. This editable document is a great way to review nucleotides (phosphates, sugars, and nitrogen bases) that make up DNA as well as the base nitrogen pairs. The bases are all always going to be to paired with the base that resembles the base the most. This paper model can serve as a continual illustration as you discuss mitosis, amino acid sequences and protein synthesis. Soft candy that comes in four different colors such as gummy bears, gum drops, or mini marshmallows (10 of each color), Twizzlers (2) (or similar rope-like candy), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dC9uuHoIgXk, Colorful Double Helix, A Gene-ius Activity, Celebrating DNA and the History of the Double Helix, Scientific American: Identical Twins' Genes Are Not Identical. You were most likely able to tell what the hidden colors were, no matter which strand you chose to hide. hbbd`b``3 '0 endstream endobj 358 0 obj <>/Metadata 98 0 R/OpenAction 359 0 R/Outlines 88 0 R/PageLayout/SinglePage/Pages 97 0 R/StructTreeRoot 100 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 359 0 obj <> endobj 360 0 obj >/PageWidthList<0 612.0>>>>>>/Resources<>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/W/Thumb 92 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 361 0 obj <>stream This product can be used to support teaching the NGSS* standards. Build a physical model of the DNA double helix. Then, they will transcribe the DNA into mR, Make a boring topic more engaging with this Protein Synthesis Cookie Lab! Through building and observing this model, students explore the basic structure of phosphodiester bonds, base pairs, the spatial relationships among the components of nucleotides in DNA, and the antiparallel nature of the double helix. Human DNA consists of three billion pairs. These instructions are stored inside each of your cells, distributed among 46 long structures called chromosomes. It has them label each pipe-cleaner color to a nitrogenous base and then has them assemble a specific sequence of bases that is listed in the lab. Label your model. HtSn0+H]bni]RnAL*dE-FP y>]o".?i UZ>be (sJGsqq 20f':q-kjbWuHM$Y7D!3#z0DG-CF-f That's okay! Students reinforce their knowledge that DNA is the genetic material for all living things by modeling it using toothpicks and gumdrops that represent the four biochemicals (adenine, thiamine, guanine, and cytosine) that pair with each other in a specific pattern, making a double helix. Biology EOC Bundle - All 5 Products You probably have about 6 pairs in your model. Your DNA molecule is probably about 8cm wide. 3. Students color each nucleotide and paste them in an anti-parallel orientation. DNA is the information molecule. Plants, fungi, and humans might seem very different from each other, but they are all made up of tiny building blocks called cells, andwith very few exceptionseach of these cells has in its center a molecule containing the blueprint of the organism. C) When you have completed one DNA strand add the complimentary base pairs to the other end of each toothpick. (See Preview) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Remember to FOLLOW MY STORE(CLICK HERE) so you can come back and fi, Each student creates their own paper model of DNA, then combine their models end-to-end to make one long class model! 6. Strands of DNA separate. Also included are extra parts if you'd like to build an RNA model (ribose and uracil cut outs). Biology EOC Review for Evolution an. RNA: 5'-CCCACAGCCAUCCCCCAGCU-3' DNA: 3'-GGGTGTCGGTAGGGGGTCGA-5' b. Continue to attach your other candy pairs to the backbones so they make parallel rungs. 0000032786 00000 n *Many of the resources are available for distance learning- hosted on Google Slides. They'll also look at the scientists who helped uncover the structure of DNA, describing and doodling each DNA discovery! This bundle includes an informative video modeling the lesson and a comprehensive written lesson plan.DNA is a chemical containing all the information or "codes" that guide your cells in what to do and how to grow. Predict the appearance of a complimentary strand of DNA when given half of a double-helix molecule. This is an activity that can be modified for middle school science classes or High School Biology classes. Pictures of the finished product are also included for teacher reference. Students use paper nucleotides printed on card stock to build a single-stranded DNA sequence assigned by their instructor. A paperless version is also available hosted on Google Slides to support your remote learning needs. base (A, T, G, C), phosphate, and the sugar deoxyriboses. **Students discover the Structure and Function of DNA through Modeling. This is a tough unit to teach. After creating their model, students answer 15 conclusion questions. 4. Your students will model DNA replication, transcription and translation in an attempt to create a protein (aka: decorated sugar cookie). Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? 0000011078 00000 n If you lik, Do you need a differentiated DNA structure activity to test your students reading comprehension of the double helix? To assemble your DNA model, lay two Twizzlers parallel to one another with about 8cm of space in between. This long string of DNA is coiled and folded into the center of almost every cell of the human body! Because of, This model is a simple way to study DNA structure. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In this activity, students build a paper model of DNA and use their model to explore key structural features of the DNA double helix. All rights reserved. Students first begin by cutting and gluing paper strips of DNA. )Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. 3. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Ask questions to clarify relationships about, the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding. 0000000016 00000 n Like for example, Adenine will always be paired with Thymine and Cytosine will always be paired with Guamine, Fill in the complementary bases on the strand below according to the base-pair rule. endstream endobj 124 0 obj <>stream https://doi.org/10.1038/171738a0. That is okay! Paperclips Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. Which of these orders would you expect to see in her postoperative orders? d. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) 210 mg ( 15 mg/kg) PO q4h pm for pain Identify the component molecules of DNA. Included is an exercise for vocabulary and a hands-on activity for constructing a model of DNA. Diagram the apparatus used to electrolyze molten NaCl. To test, untwist your DNA model and lay it flat on a table or the ground. DNA, double helix, candy, Sabine De Brabandere, PhD, Science Buddies. Designed to SUPPLEMENT and add FUN to an existing unit. What rule is used to join the free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA? Transcription to Protein Synthesis sheet 2. In an . You will link the pairs of code chemicals to your DNA backbones by attaching each pair to the backbones so that the pair look like ladder rungs. An answer key for the follow up questions is provided. endstream endobj startxref Came here by searching for %keyword%. 4.8. In this activity students review DNA structure by building a DNA model from colored mini marshmallows, licorice strands, and toothpicks. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Reproduction of material from this website without written permission is strictly prohibited. Downloads DNA Molecule HS Student Edition (CIBT) DNA Molecule MS Student Edition (CIBT) DNA Molecule Post-Lab Questions (CIBT) Watson & Crick Reading (CIBT) This should create a twist! Once the 4 nucleotides a, This is a 1 day activity that directs students to build a double helix DNA model from pipe-cleaners (you'll need 5 different colors of pipe-cleaners). They will construct a puzzle of the DNA molecule using evidence gathered over decades of time by various scientists and participate in a Scientist Chat to discuss what theyve learned fro, This product offered by Spyglass Biology contains a worksheet to help students visualize DNA replication. Biology EOC Review for Cells explain why DNA replication is called HS0s06vo+m{jU{h0Qc= y ^J]>e@!du d?f9P2IEJ3= (n&Kstcwa2yp/O'0l1SVi"=gQO1Ig8]sq\al8D>*a;x=^RJKUWZin*+\oA`A5c7m2YTTk`bC[Y-S Pre-made digital activities. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. H\j0~ In this activity, you will use pieces of candy to make a model for a short section of DNAenough to get a sense of what DNA is like and how it encodes life. f. Maintain peripheral IV with D5 1/2{}^{1/2}1/2NS at SOmL/hr; saline lock when taking PO well hbbd``b`z $@~ DT Y7a""@bf AbqW Hp[@SX,Fr_ ' Step 3 - Assemble the DNA model like a puzzle.Step 4 - Glue to a paper.Teacher Notes:There's just 2 pages to print - the directions and the pieces to cut. 7. To get an idea of how long human DNA is, count the number of pairs in your DNA section. Franklin, Rosalind E. and R. G. Gosling. 0 In this activity, students explore and learn about this biotechnology tool by building a two-dimensional paper model of the CRISPR system. 9`09QecG7XN+$D!NMMo\ tu@n(. The process of DNA replication has three steps: 1) the DNA molecule unzips; 2) new nucleotides are added to each side of the original DNA molecule; and 3) enzymes zip up and complete the two DNA molecules. Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen containing base. Make sure you have at least 10 pieces of each of the 4 colors you will be using. !X This updated version should take about 1-1.5 hours to complete. As you teach about DNA, you can utilize this unit plan with its activities and projects to . I always complete this activity and then unzip the DNA models to make an RNA strand for when we begin to learn about protein synthesis. Twist your DNA model. Materials needed: (The order and orientation you choose, or the. 357 46 Then they transcribe and translate the mutated sequence to reveal the resulting amino acid sequence. 147 0 obj <>stream D) Complete your DNA model by attaching the other DNA backbone (twizzler) so your model looks like a ladder E) CAREFULLY twist your DNA model so it looks like a double helix DNA can duplicate itself using the information contained in either strand, and you can too. Also included in:BUNDLE: DNA Fingerprinting / DNA Evidence Forensics Notes, Activity, Project, Also included in:The Structure of DNA Bundle - Google Slides Activities, Doodle Notes and Quiz, Also included in:DNA and The Cell Cycle Unit Bundle, PPT Notes, Digital Interactive Activities, Also included in:Chromosomes and DNA ACTIVITY BUNDLE for Middle School SAVE 30%, Also included in:Genetics Activities Bundle: Punnet Squares, Mendelian Genetics and Heredity, Also included in:Biology Curriculum Bundle, Also included in:DNA Replication Bundle - Google Slides Activities, Doodle Notes and Quiz, Also included in:DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Jeopardy Games Bundle, Also included in:Interactive Draggable Science Models Bundle, Also included in:Genetics - DNA - RNA - Genetic Engineering Unit Bundle - 15 files, Also included in:Cell Organelles Bundle - PowerPoint & Handouts - Distance Learning + Digital. How does semi-conservative Properties of biomolecules and from genes to proteins: Another great simulation of DNA transcription and translation: Evolution of the Mitochondrial Genome (Click on Media Animation): Explore It: Gene Hunter has many interactive and informative activities: Good animation of DNA replication with audio: A rather humerous 60s type video demonstration the production of protein in the ribosomes. 0000066359 00000 n KEY & SAMPLE DNA LADDER Original Document: Constructing a DNA Ladder Students cut out the nucleotides and arrange them. In your model, you will use Twizzlers for the "backbone" sides of the ladder and then add the candy "pair" rungs. That makes the model easier to understand. Give the long "ladder" a clockwise twist, and you can see why DNA is also called the "double helix." This activity can be used alone or in conjunction with a paper DNA Model activity, which I also have available in my store.What students will do:Drag and orientate nucleotides to create the DNA, The Biology: DNA Model Activity is a creative and educational lab activity designed for high school biology students. Students can use their creativity and enjoy learning about DNA while doing this activity! What part(s) of the nucleotides make up the rungs of the "ladder"? This is a hands-on activity that students will surely enjoy! DNA Paper Model Activity Level: Grade 6-8 Students will be able to: 1. 0000003189 00000 n 0000045103 00000 n Finally, students will analyze the results of Meselson/Stahl and determine which model is the most accurate.Great way to introduce semi-conservative replication to high school biology classes. The step-by-step directions walk the students through the worksheet. 2.) 29. 1. Or Matt H. contributed this cleaner, Simulate the way mutations occur with this , Connect the Dots . This is because once you know one side of a pair, you know its partner as these chemicals always pair with the same partner: red with yellow; green with clear. %PDF-1.3 % When one nucleotide contains adenine, what type of base is the adenine. Your DNA has a length of about 3billion pairs, so your candy DNA will only model a small piece of DNAnot the whole sequence! From there, they will translate the mRNA into codons that code for ingredients that will be used to decorate their cookie. A pairs with T; G pairs with C. 2. (Tip! They are able to see how adding epigenetic markers can affect gene expression. No matter how it's done, this is a successful activity when teaching protein synthesis; it is visual, hands-on, and promotes critical thinking. Please see the list of resources included. Trace the movement of electrons through the external circuit and the movement of ions in the electrolysis cell. You may print and distribute up to 200 copies of this document annually, at no charge, for personal and classroom educational use. The Cas1-Cas2 enzymes insert the DNA segment into the CRISPR region of the bacterial genome as a spacer. Learning Outcomes Student will be able to: construct DNA molecules using the 4 nitrogenous Select all that apply, and discuss the rationales for each of your choices. Also included in:DNA and The Cell Cycle Unit Bundle, PPT Notes, Digital Interactive Activities, Also included in:Chromosomes and DNA ACTIVITY BUNDLE for Middle School SAVE 30%, Also included in:Genetics Activities Bundle: Punnet Squares, Mendelian Genetics and Heredity, Also included in:MS & HS Science Labs, Activities, STEM Challenges, & Web Quests (Growing Bundle), Also included in:DNA Structure and Replication BUNDLE | Notes | Worksheets | Projects, Also included in:Biology Bundle of Lessons Activities and Labs, Also included in:Bundle of Lessons - Molecular Genetics - DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis. In this activity, students will be given three strands of DNA. In my classroom we combine student models & create a giant DNA molecule to hang in the hallway for all to see! 0000001863 00000 n Dna Paper Model Procedure Answer Key If you ally dependence such a referred Dna Paper Model Procedure Answer Key ebook that will pay for you worth, . Students will stay super focused and engaged while completing this digital modeling activity! deoxyribose, double helix, genetics, model, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, phosphate, phosphodiester bond. Then the students get their picture taken holding their DNA models for Part two of the assignment. Genetic Code chart 3. endstream endobj 125 0 obj <>stream If the pairs let go of each other, each backbone with its sequence of four chemicals can be the basis of a new DNA molecule. Following the instructions below, you will make a candy model of a piece of DNA. They can be arranged in any order, but make sure they are anti-parallel and that A's match T's and C's match G's. What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase? I really like this activity and am quite proud to share it with the TpT community. Lay your pairs between the backbones, as shown below. 2.) 0000005710 00000 n This one does require coloring but does not go into detail regarding messenger RNA and transcription. An answer key for the follow up questions is provided. Grade Level: 7-9 NOTE: Our DNA Replication key can be used with either our updated Amoeba Sisters DNA Replication video or the original (old) video.This is the official answer key for our website's "DNA Replication" handout. 118 0 obj <> endobj Lay your model on a piece of paper, and use a pen or marker to write the letters next to each piece of candy. Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. cells that form after cell divide must be completely alike and have exactly the same amount of DNA to function normally. Review games increase student participation and engagement. https://doi.org/10.1038/171740a0. The sequence or order of these chemicals contains the data to maintain and grow the organism. The DNA molecule encodes all information using four chemicals: Cytosine [C], Guanine [G], Adenine [A], and Thymine [T]. This editable pro, In this laboratory Lesson Plan students will work in cooperative groups and manipulate paper nucleotides to discover the structure of DNA. Identify the anode and the cathode. DNA Modeling Discovery PUZZLE Activity using Drag and Drop + WebQuest (50 minute activity)This is an SELF-GUIDED, GUIDED INQUIRY, DISCOVERY LAB. PRE-ACTIVITY QUESTIONS: )DNA Mutations ActivityBuild a Karyotype ActivityDNA Fingerprinting ActivityINDIVIDUAL DESCRIPTIONS:Create a Paper Model of DNA: How this activity works:Step 1 - Students color the bases, phosphates, and sugar acco, DNA replication is a tricky concept - these Doodle Notes help your students see the big picture of this process, with each stage clearly illustrated! Your candy model makes them look large and colorful. They must be careful, though! In this activity, students build a paper model of DNA and use their model to explore key structural features of the DNA double helix. Working with groups or individually, students will predict which DNA model is the right one. by. The order of these bases is what determines the DNA's instructions, or genetic code. Identify the component molecules of DNA. (Hint: look back at the second step of the procedure for help.) Can be done as a poster with printed pictures glued on or in Micr, NEW and IMPROVED! DNA Paper Model Activity Level: Grade 6-8 Students will be able to: 1. An answer key for the follow up questions is provided. %PDF-1.7 % Not all downloadable documents for the resource may be available in this format. For any other use, please contact Science Buddies. This lab provides students with hands-on experience constructing a model of DNA, helping them gain a deeper understanding of genetics and molecular biology.During this lab, students will use a variety of materials, including pipe cleaners, beads, and clay, to create a physical representation of the structure of DNA. Use a model of DNA to explore and describe key structural features of the molecule. WOW just what I was searching for. Students cut out the nucleotides and arrange them. What's included:3 Different levels of a DNA ModelLevel A: (Called Version A for the students so they don't think it's leveled)- Students manipulate double sided structura, This is a fun & easy DNA base pairing activity with a 10 question worksheet on the basics of DNA structure. 0000006166 00000 n I have found that my students pay far greater attention to the review when it is in a competitive game format. Fourteen interactive Google Slides that teach students the process, My Structure of DNA Doodle Notes are the perfect way for your learners to visualize the structure of DNA! Note that in your body, these pairs are tiny and not colorful! The third part is to demonstrate how replication is accomplished with the addition of free nucleotides to each chain. As a teacher, you can use this DNA Structure maze worksheet activity as a part of many different Subjects: Anatomy, Biology, Science Grades: 7th - 11th Types: Activities, Assessment, Printables Also included in: DNA Structure Bundle of Activities and Assessments with Differentiation Add to cart Wish List 0000014746 00000 n 0000003575 00000 n DNA Unit Plan. Take one toothpick that has a GC or AT pair of candies on it and stick the toothpick into the inside of one piece of the backbone (near the top).
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