The author as part of his degree course has studied these two vastly differing approaches. On the contrary, religion, as it is studied in the secular state university, is both a category and an aspect of human behavior that must be subjected to the same types of scrutiny as any other category of human behavior that one may study. Geographers study religions and their development based on the role that geography intersects with other important social components within a human geographic approach. The disaggregated approach does not claim that it captures the fullness of the lived, anthropological reality of religion. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. This distinction depends to some extent upon taking a projectionist view of religion as a human product. These (and others) are all legitimate uses of the concept of religion. The Christian theologian, for example, may see a particular historical process as providential. For our purposes, we shall . Religion is a concept created by modern scholars and superimposed on a variety of different phenomena for a variety of motives. In the above definition Marx has stressed few points about religion which require special emphasis. Thus, the preliminary task of the student of religion must be to amass an inventory of kinds of religious phenomena. Can we truly compare two totally different views religion one very internal the other very visual? Anthropologists, for example, legitimately study a key dimension of human experiencethe religious experiencein its diversity and unruliness. Each perspective uniquely conceptualizes society, social . Approaches to Religious/Worldview Studies 1 Sociological. Freud viewed religion negatively. For example, a religious (or spiritual) approach to cancer treatment can be more effective than a secular approach (Croucher & Harris, 2012), religious attendance promotes healthier living, and people with HIV/AIDS often turn to religion for comfort as well. For egalitarian theorists of religious freedom (as I call them), there is nothing special about religion as such. Each of these approaches can be applied to the study of religious diversity. But what the capitalists gave back to the workers as payment for their labor were merely their subsistence wages that were just enough for the workers to survive. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. From the belief in human souls grew the belief in other spirits, like those that inhabit nature and those venerated as gods. Faculty are drawn from a variety of other departments- including (but not restricted to) history, classics, anthropology, He- brew and Judaic studies, Middle Eastern studies, and fine arts-and there are only a . Also we can see the beliefs, symbolim and teachings of Auroville fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts dimensions of religion. The dominant sense in which the contemporary study of religion is understood is the descriptive sense. The concept exhibits a complex continuum of resemblances and differences. In sum, the anthropological objection urges us to take both ordinary language and ordinary experience seriously. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. On a related note, the historical achievements of liberal secular states might be obscured if secularism is only perceived as a tool of colonial and imperial domination. It may well be true that the boundaries between religion and other cognate concepts such as tradition, culture, ideology, faith, reason, and so forth are porous and fuzzy. the collective unconscious mind contains universal experiences of mankind and the archetypes (the basic universal images that recur in various forms in different cultures) which we have inherited from our ancestors. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. As it happens, one group of influential political philosophers has tried to do just that. It is the opium of the people (Contribution to Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right). The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and learn regarding the religious beliefs of others. (Stephen H.Phillips.p79,Aurobindo`s Philosophyof Brahman,E.J.Brill Leiden 1986), The strength of Smart can be seen that he does not wish to strip religion or faith down to one or two elements say belief in The Virgin Birth and the dogma of out with the church there is no salvation but his classificatory account makes it clear that it has many elements and strands. The implications of the first approach have been resisted in many quarters. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Like most abstract concepts, the concept of religion is a construction projected onto the world, but one consequence of this large-scale projection may well be that our world has genuinely come to exhibit it. For this reason, let us examine the ideas of another pioneering anthropologist of religion, namely Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917). Egalitarian theorists of religious freedom, from this perspective, are right to seek to identify the normative grounds on which certain beliefs and practices call for state protection (or state restraint, in the case of non-establishment). It can use either separately or in any combination the methods of history, sociology, Even a commonly accepted definition of religion has proved difficult to establish, though not for lack of trying. These studies suggest the significance of religion in health communication and in our . The word anthropology means science of human beings or humanity. In fact, the religions of civilized races evolved from the animism of the lower races. Phone: 212-377-2700 Fax: 212-377-2727. She is the Director of UCLs Religion and Political Theory Centre. A field study was conducted to achieve the objective of this research. For the last four decades universities and schools have been acting in response to a constant , steady demand for courses upon the study of religion .The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and . If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! Introduces students to the study of religion, world religious traditions and ethics through an exploration of death and dying. Understanding Religious Pluralism in India. It is an illusion because it is just a product of the human imagination. Continuum International publishing group .2006. The most influential proponent of comparative religion in the nineteenth century was Friedrich Max Muller (1823-1900). Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? 2.Religious studies has a bigger scope because it analyzes the different world religions. Required fields are marked *. Items is a space for engagement with insights from the work of the Council and the social sciences. Evolutionary Approaches. This means that a student of theology is a follower of the particular religion he/she is studying; whereas a student of religious studies is usually not a follower of the religions he/she is studying. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) Kujenga Amani facilitates the exchange of ideas about diverse aspects of peacebuilding in Africa. Sociologists use a variety of methods to analyze culture. Related to Freuds concept, the personal unconscious mind contains all our personal experiences that we are not aware of (because we have suppressed them); whilethe collective unconscious mind contains universal experiences of mankind and the archetypes (the basic universal images that recur in various forms in different cultures) which we have inherited from our ancestors. Critics have pointed out thatby analogizing religion with individual conscience or conceptions of the goodliberalism reveals its Protestant, individualistic bias, and is unable to capture the fullness of the religious experience. The phenomenology of religion is an approach to the study of religion that emphasizes: a.) Marrett (1866-1943) was, similar to Tylor, an anthropologist who studied religion and who adopted the evolutionary approach. She has published extensively in the areas of republicanism and toleration, theories of law and the state, and global justice. This is a legitimate perspective from the standpoint of faith. The term fundamentalism can be used in very different religious contexts and texts to describe the devotion and strict loyalty to a set of principles or ideas. One of the many reasons for this failure is that each discipline enlisted to study religion has its own distinctive methods and topics, and scholars often disagree about how to resolve the inevitable conflicts between these different intellectual perspectives. (Scott London ,the future of religion an Interview with Ninian Smart June 1999 issue ofThe Witnessmagazine. ) APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF RELIGION 109 like, the students were asked to read Marx, Freud, Durkheim. Religion is also studied within cultural geography, which studies how cultural processes spread. For our purposes, we shall examine certain approaches to the study of religions that are based on certain academic disciplines. They are: commitment theory, which postulates that religion is a system of costly signaling that reduces deception and creates cooperation within groups; cognitive theory, which postulates that religion is the manifestation of mental modules that have evolved for other purposes . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Social Science Research Council Tylor, in his work Primitive Culture (1871), claimed that the essence of religion or the minimum defining property of religion, is the belief in Spiritual Beings, which he called animism. Intellectual historians and students of political thought study religious traditions as coherent, inter-generational, scholarly bodies of thoughtthe Islamic or the Christian or the Confucian tradition, for example. Let me get back to the starting point of our inquiry: Is religion a valid category of scholarly research? For the workers to bear their miserable and unfulfilling life, the capitalists created various belief-systems, foremost of which was religion, for the working class to see their state as something positive and justified. by Cristina Echeverri-Pineda and Mateo Villamizar-Chaparro. Will the globalization lead to a kind of universal religion, as prediction might lead, or it will be turned in a lively variety of many different beliefs? The normative objection is slightly different. Aurobindo did not just stick to an immanental experience of a divine being but that there must be transcendence within the individuals life which is seen in Auroville with a lived approach to ones faith rather like that which is common within Charismatic and Evangelical Churches. the myths of a religion. 2 The closer a country comes to having equal shares of the . This idea led Calvinists to engage in activities that would increase their wealth, paving the way for the development of capitalism. The Hijab Controversy in Political Philosophy (Oxford University Press 2008). liade (1907-1986), whose studies included the concepts of sacred space and mythic time, and the sacredness of nature (Paden 2005, 215). Copyright 2019 - 2022 Elcomblus Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. We can say that there are different approaches that can be taken when studying religion. Conversely, theological claims may imply something about the history of a religion. St. Augustine used this theory to resolve the philosophical question, If everything comes from God, where does evil come from? According to him, evil exists in the world but it does not come from God, for what only comes from God is good. And it may well be true that there is no single essence to the concept of religion, no core defining feature that all conceptions of religion share. 2 Psychological. Forte geertz symbols rituals and faith based behavior nov 8 14 ppt June 03, 2016. These questions within Smarts Classifactory account would help to define a religion. What Wittgenstein said about the concept of game also applies to the concept of religion: the fact that we cannot identify a single feature that all religions exhibit does not mean that the concept of religion is meaningless. Ontology. There are two main reasons for this suspicion. Can we categorize all religions within Ninian Smart definitions? Accordingly, God is just the projected ultimate father image that helps humans deal with their feelings of helplessness and guilt. Is religion a valid category of scholarly inquiry? Yet the strategy of disaggregating religion has a further, more portentous implication for normative political theory. Corrections? Influential sociological theories of religion came from Karl Marx (1818-1893), Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), and Max Weber (1864-1920). Instead, I shall merely sketch an alternative strategy. T here are many ways of studying religions. By criticizing religion, I mean not the critique of the beliefs or practices of self-described religious individuals or groups but rather the critique of the concept of religion as a scholarly category. Psychology of religion is the application of the different psychological theories and methods to explain religious phenomena, which include the belief in God, religious experiences and behaviors, and spirituality. This tradition goes back in modern times to the seminal work of the German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach (180472), who proposed that God was the extension of human aspirations, and it is found in the work of the philosopher Karl Marx, the founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, and others. Diverse aspects of peacebuilding in Africa a particular historical process as providential influential proponent of comparative in! 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