Ferri FF. Epididymitis is the inflammation of the tube at the back of your testicles, causing them to become swollen and irritated. Accessed Sept. 7, 2022. Increase your intake of fresh, raw fruits and vegetables (organic when possible). Although the majority of men with acute epididymitis can be treated on an outpatient basis, referral to a specialist and hospitalization should be considered when severe pain or fever indicates other diagnoses (e.g., torsion, testicular infarction, abscess, or necrotizing fasciitis) or when men are unable to comply with an antimicrobial regimen. We include products we think are useful for our readers. How long will it take for me to feel better? Men with this diagnosis should be referred to a urologist for clinical management (1191,1192). Epididymitis (ep-ih-did-uh-MY-tis) is an inflammation of the coiled tube, called the epididymis, at the back of the testicle. I have other medical problems. This involves removing all or part of the epididymis. Epididymitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. 2022; doi:10.1080/14656566.2022.2062228. Surgery is another option if no other treatments have been successful. I have got about 40 years of experience ever since I passed my MBBS. Acute scrotal pain in adults. Other signs and symptoms such as discharge, dysuria, frequency, urgency, erythema of the scrotal skin . This helps make sure that the infection is gone. Generally, these are primarily foods containing a lot of fat, processed foods, sugary foods, and spicy foods. If youre experiencing severe pain in the scrotum or have a high fever, seek medical attention immediately. McConaghy, John R., and Bethany Panchal. You may be at a higher risk for epididymitis if you: Children can get epididymitis just like adults, though inflammation is more likely to have a different cause. to receive emails from bensnaturalhealth and I Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. Your doctor might order a testicular ultrasound to get images of the testicles and the surrounding tissues in the scrotum. These methods are usually successful. Any testicular pain is pathological unless proved otherwise. He divides his time between medical writing and medical practice. Head office - Fyrtorr Ltd 2nd Floor, 5-6 Underhill Street London NW1 7HS, UK, *DISCLAIMER: All testimonials are genuine, unedited and unsolicited comments by Other symptoms include . 3. American family physician, 79 (7), 583-587. This includes oral sex and any skin-to-skin contact with your genitals. Apply cold packs to your scrotum as tolerated. Here are some questions you may want to ask your healthcare provider: Epididymitis is inflammation of your epididymis, a tube at the back of your testicle that carries sperm. I established the Scrivener Agency in 2020. Every patient should be an informed advocate for their health; thus, providing accurate health information and accessibility for patients and their families is crucial. However, the infection can return in the future. However, you can reduce your risk for infection with the following measures: However, receiving prompt treatment for acute or mild epididymitis can prevent a chronic infection. High blood pressure/heart disease meds and potassium-rich foods like bananas, potatoes and licorice. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Diet For Patients With Chronic Epididymitis, 2016 [Internet]. it will be better to get a culture of your urine and then to check the antibiotic . However, a nonsexually transmitted infection, such as a UTI or prostate infection, can also cause epididymitis. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. While epididymitis refers to inflammation of the tube at the back of your testicle, orchitis refers to swelling of your testicle itself. Make a donation. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. In cases of an STI, you and your partner should abstain from sexual intercourse until youve completed your course of antibiotics and are fully cured. Sometimes a testicle is also involved, a condition referred to as epididymo-orchitis. Sometimes the cause of chronic epididymitis isn't able to be found. Foods rich in vitamin C : kiwi, orange, watermelon, lemon, grapefruit, bitter melon and tomatoes. Finish all antibiotics to prevent the infection and symptoms from returning. Theyll look for swelling of the testicles and the lymph nodes in the groin area, as well as abnormal discharge from the penis. Weebly 2014 [Internet]. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021: Epididymitis. Also, this disease is likely to spread fast since it doesn t have severe symptoms which can easily pass on to others. MBBS, M.S Obstetrics & Gynaecology, F.MAS FELLOWSHIP IN MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY, D. MAS Dipolma in MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY, FICRS, Fellowship in COSMETIC GYNAECOLOGY, Diploma in advanced Laparoscopy for Urogynaecology & Gynaec oncology, Basic training course in minimal invasive surgery in Gynaecology, Basics of Colposcopy, Fellowship in Cosmetic Gynaecology, Certificate course in diagnostic ultrasound imaging, Certificate of hands on training in hysteroscopy, Certificate course in diabetes, Fellowship in assisted reproductive technology, Certificate program in aesthetic Medicine, Certificate of operative Hysteroscopy, Certificate course in clinical embryology. Understand kidney cysts, including what different sizes could mean and how to treat them. Also, Omega-3 fatty acids can improve insulin resistance, inflammation, and heart disease risk factors. Our eating habits have a substantial impact on our lifestyle. Infections also are the primary cause of orchitis, inflammation of one or both testicles. It can occur at any age, though it happens most often in people between the ages of 14 and 35. Though that treatment method is rarely used. Have you or any sex partner had or been tested for an. Varicocele can result in poor testicle maturation, reduced sperm quality, or other issues that can cause infertility. Judyjing. The Immune Characteristics of the Epididymis and the Immune Pathway of the Epididymitis Caused by Different Pathogens. Frontiers in Immunology 11 (2020). Have you had surgery in or near your urinary tract, or surgery that required the insertion of a catheter? Notify me via e-mail if anyone answers my comment. Nonsexually transmitted acute epididymitis caused by genitourinary pathogens typically occurs with bacteriuria secondary to bladder outlet obstruction (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia) (1193). See a doctor for a diagnosis and take the antibiotics they prescribe for you. Below here is the list of foods you should avoid eating if you are suffering from Epididymitis. Available from. You're All Set! Epididymitis is usually treated with antibiotics and measures to relieve discomfort. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. I am a gynecologist. Please consult a surgeon immediatley shivam for the pain. Chlamydia is a STD and is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that enters the body during intercourse and can infect the male or female genitals. What should I know regarding pregnancy, nursing and administering Inderal Oral to children or the elderly? 1. Treatment for epididymitis involves treating the underlying infection and easing symptoms. Some questions to ask your health care provider include: Don't hesitate to ask other questions as they occur to you. Oh yes, there are. A rare effect of epididymitis is fertility issues in men. Do you have pain when you pass urine or a frequent or urgent need to urinate? However, it can cause discomfort and heaviness in the testicle. 2. Eat fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, herring, and sardines), canola oil, fish oil, flaxseeds, pumpkin seeds, and walnuts because they are all good sources of omega3 fats. Promptly consult your doctor or pharmacist. What causes BPH? Pain in your scrotum, sometimes moving to the rest of your groin. So it is good to take treatment earlier. Research estimates there are 600,000 cases of epididymitis in the US. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epididymitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Yes. Did you know that Chlamydia is one of the most frequently occurring sexually transmitted bacterial infections across the world? Spermatic cord (testicular) torsion, a surgical emergency, should be considered in all cases; however, it occurs more frequently among adolescents and men without evidence of inflammation or infection. An additional benefit is that neurotransmitter concentrations may be altered and help improve mood and even reduce symptoms of depression while also improving digestion. This usually happens on one testicle, rather than both. To avoid contracting epididymitis through sexually transmitted infections (STIs), practice safe sex. Ferri FF. Urine cultures for chlamydial and gonococcal epididymitis are insensitive and are not recommended. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. it has to be specific.rest of the medicines seems to be fine. I also agree Increase fresh, raw fruits and veggies (organic when possible). decrease consumption of myristic acid (palm, coconut, dairy fat), avoid trans fats, and increase intake of omega-3 (from marine fish but not dietary supplements) Food additives. Decrease sugar, sweets, white flour products, processed foods. This swelling can cause intense testicular pain. This content does not have an English version. When it comes to eating right to aid healing and alleviating pain in epididymitis and boosting testicular health, there are some foods you need to avoid. What Causes Excessive Testicular Sweating, and How Can I Treat It? Drumstick. Also, pus may need to be drained or part or all of the coiled tube may be surgically removed. Generally, avoid eating stimulating foods, foods that contain high cholesterol, high sugar foods. Here are some home remedies for epididymitis to help relieve pain and discomfort and fasten the healing process: Since epididymitis is inflammation usually caused by an infection, it makes sense that it is generally treated with antibiotics and bed rest. The epididymis is part of the genitourinary tract that includes the testes, the vas deferens, the prostate, the urethra, and the bladder. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. The epididymis stores and carries sperm. https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/epididymitis.htm. Antibiotic treatment usually lasts about one to two weeks. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). If it is left untreated, it will worsen over time. Accessed Sept. 7, 2022. Although it can affect males of any age, epididymitis is diagnosed more often in males aged 14 to 35. With proper treatment, epididymitis will go away. Prostatitis and Epididymitis: What You Should Know. Treatment goals for acute epididymitis are 1) microbiologic infection cure, 2) improvement of signs and symptoms, 3) prevention of transmission of chlamydia and gonorrhea to others, and 4) decreased potential for chlamydial or gonococcal epididymitis complications (e.g., infertility or chronic pain). Foods that are rich in vitamin C include kiwi, orange, watermelon, lemon, grapefruit, bitter melon and tomatoes. Very Important. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health Accessed Sept. 7, 2022. Epididymitis: An Overview. American family physician 94 9 (2016): 723-726. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27929243/. Should any of my partners be tested for an. Alternative regimens have not been studied; therefore, clinicians should consult an infectious disease specialist if such regimens are required. It includes cakes, cookies, white bread, processed meats, fried foods, and sugary snacks. Apply cold packs to your scrotum as tolerated. Select a condition to view a list of medication options. Metformin Diet: Best Foods To Eat And Which To Avoid, Natural remedies and lifestyle changes for epididymitis, epididymitis through sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Prostatitis and Epididymitis: What You Should Know, Bacterial infection from the urinary tract, prostate, or kidney, Urine flowing backward into the epididymis, Pain in the testicle that sometimes transcends to the rest of the groin, combined with exercise & lifestyle advice, Developed exclusively by our nutritionist, Sugary foods, sweets, and artificial sweeteners, Hydrogenated, trans fat, deep-fried, greasy foods, Spicy food; onions, pepper, mustard, fennel, Strawberries and other flavonoid-rich foods. Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. Treatment to shrink a spermatocele includes medication like ibuprofen, surgery, aspiration, and sclerotherapy. Please Check Your Email for Further Instruction. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. Choose healthful fats, such as olive oil, nuts (almonds, walnuts, pecans), and avocados. Some less common symptoms are fever and chills. Learn about the causes of excessive testicular. Avoid strenuous lifting or physical activity. A ruptured testicle is a painful injury, usually resulting from blunt trauma to the scrotum. Testicular torsion happens when a testicle twists, bending the spermatic cord that transports blood to the scrotum. Epididymitis is inflammation of your epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of your testicle that stores and carries sperm. Slowly swelling decreases. Some of them need treatment right away to avoid permanent damage. If they confirm that your infection is due to a sexually transmitted infection, be sure to let recent sex partners know so that they can be examined and treated. Epididymitis occurs when the epididymis becomes inflamed, usually as a result of a bacterial or viral infection. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. Don't ignore scrotal pain or swelling. In addition, patients with epididymitis should include plant-based foods and low-fat dairy products in their diet plan. Epididymitis may begin with only a few mild symptoms. Other infections, including the mumps virus and rarely, tuberculosis, can also cause epididymitis. For instance, watermelon is a helpful fruit for epididymitis diet, especially if this condition is caused by a bladder or urethral infection. Are they constant, or do they come and go? and this tube is called epididymis. It can be quite painful and interfere with your everyday life. If we do not cut out these foods from our everyday diet, it will flare up the symptoms. These can cause an infection in the urethra. Other signs and symptoms can include: A dull ache that may occur intermittently Swell Penis Pain and Swelling: Could It Be Epididymitis? Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 07/18/2022. Spinach, strawberries, and other flavonoid-rich foods, such as blueberries, may be beneficial for reducing discomfort. In most cases, treatment requires a period of watchful waiting. Watermelon has long been associated with encouraging healthy weight loss and heart health, as well as acting as a potent antioxidant in reducing damage caused by free radicals in the body. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. I graduated as a physician in 2020. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. To address these issues, varicocele surgery may be advised. Eat more vegetables and fruits with more fiber, such as bananas, sweet potatoes, celery, etc., to keep the stool unobstructed. All rights reserved. Epididymitis treatment involves antibiotics. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7561410/. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Men who have acute sexually transmitted epididymitis confirmed or suspected to be caused by N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis should be instructed to refer all sex partners during the previous 60 days before symptom onset for evaluation, testing, and presumptive treatment (see Chlamydial Infections; Gonococcal Infections). However, more invasive treatment may be necessary for some people. Please upgrade your browser or download modern browsers from here! Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Symptoms of epididymitis may be similar to those of testicular torsion, which requires emergent . Consider fresh juicing. Sometimes, epididymitis occurs when pee (urine) flows backward into your epididymis. There is a problem with If you are suffering from this, you will be experiencing intense pain and swelling in the testicle. Lynch S. Acute epididymitis. Hydrocele is common in infants and normally goes away on its own during the first year without therapy. Urine is the preferred specimen for NAAT for men (553). Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Additionally, you can topically apply iodine, magnesium, and chromium chloride in spermatocele treatment. Epididymitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Again, the result is a reduction in inflammatory compounds. There is this tube thats situated at the back of the testicle that carries sperm. Because of its proximity to the testis, any infectious or inflammatory . WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Kong Dejun (2019) Tian Tai Wu Yao San Combined with Acupuncture in the Treatment of 38 Cases of Cold and Damp Stagnation Type Chronic Epididymitis Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine Vol.39 (1) pp. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Take consistently w/meals or on empty stomach. McConaghy JR, et al. Spermatocele is a cyst that develops in the epididymis and contains fluid and sperm. Some cases happen from bacteria called Mycoplasma or Chlamydia. 2018; doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000530304.69021.4b. These tests produce detailed images that allow your doctor to see structures in the body very clearly. Nonsexually transmitted infections, such as those that come from urinary tract infections (UTIs) or tuberculosis (TB), can travel from the urethra or other parts of the body to infect or cause inflammation of the epididymis. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Hello, I am doctor Krishna Agarwal. Consider juicing fresh fruits and vegetables. Though this food may be super delicious, it really hazardous to your health as an epididymitis sufferer. It usually occurs due to a bacterial infection or a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If an abscess has formed, you might need surgery to drain it. Accessed Sept. 7, 2022. Drink 6-8 cups of purified water daily hydrates body and brain cells and flushes toxins (whether thirsty or not!). Trojian, T., Lishnak, T. S., & Heiman, D. L. (2009). Epididymitis will cause pain in one or both testicles. Some foods may be added to the list to cut down the disease effects-, These meals may strengthen the immune system, and a healthy immune system can fend against disease. Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS), MD - Alternate Medicine, Certified Course In Herbal(Ayurvedic) Medicine. A study showed that the combination of Chinese medicine and acupuncture is an effective and superior treatment to antibiotics. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Its important to finish the entire treatment recommended by your healthcare provider. Foods to Avoid. Epididymitis is treated with antibiotics. In addition, regularly eating a variety of fruits and vegetables with antioxidants can lower your chance of heart disease and other conditions. For men with severe unilateral pain with sudden onset, those whose test results do not support a diagnosis of urethritis or urinary tract infection, or for whom diagnosis of acute epididymitis is questionable, immediate referral to a urologist for evaluation for testicular torsion is vital because testicular viability might be compromised. They can create discomfort or soreness, but they usually have no symptoms or problems. Acute epididymitis has symptoms lasting less than six weeks, while chronic epididymitis symptoms like six weeks or longer with a more gradual . It can be difficult to tell whether the testes, epididymis, or both are inflamed. The epididymis is a tube located at the back of the testicles that stores and carries sperm. The testicles oxygen-depleted blood is transported by these veins. Accessed Sept. 7, 2022. Symptoms of an enlarged prostate Causes of an [], Article Contents What are thesymptoms ofBPH? Advances in the antibiotic management of epididymitis. A high index of suspicion for spermatic cord (testicular) torsion should be maintained among men who have a sudden onset of symptoms associated with epididymitis because this condition is a surgical emergency. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. To prevent complications and transmission of STIs, presumptive therapy for all sexually active men is indicated at the time of the visit before all laboratory test results are available. Avoid tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, soda pop. Among older men, nonsexually transmitted acute epididymitis is also associated with prostate biopsy, urinary tract instrumentation or surgery, systemic disease, or immunosuppression. For example, prostate or urinary tract infections can spread to your epididymis. decrease intake of maltodextrin-containing foods. Levels of omega-3s build up quickly once you start taking supplements, but it takes 6 weeks to 6 months for significant changes to be seen. Consult with top doctors any time from the comfort of your home. Epididymitis Diet: Foods To Avoid and Best Foods To Eat. Very Important A change in your diet, medicine, or. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021: Epididymitis. People with epididymitis can also relieve their symptoms by: If epididymitis isnt treated, complications can develop, such as an abscess (pus-filled sac) in your scrotum. Since Epididymitis is a sexually transmitted disease, you can prevent yourself from it by simply making use of condoms whenever you want to have sex. Watermelon is a good choice for an epididymitis dietary regimen, especially if the problem is caused by urinary or penile infection. Epididymitis. Foods rich in vitamin C : kiwi, orange, watermelon, lemon, grapefruit, bitter melon and tomatoes. Urine bacterial cultures should also be performed for all men to evaluate for the presence of genitourinary organisms and to determine antibiotic susceptibility. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. You may need to avoid or restrict certain foods and . prfree.org. Epididymitis Diet: Foods To Avoid and Best Foods To Eat. While ejaculating doesnt make an epididymitis infection worse, it can make the pain more intense for some people. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. This content does not have an English version. Crush Drumstick Leaves and boil them with castor oil. Eating as more sources of omega3 fats as possible, like fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, herring, and sardines), canola oil, fish oil, flaxseeds, pumpkin seeds and walnuts, Eating foods that contains high fiber, including plenty of fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains, and nuts, Choosing organic produce, such as meat, and milk when possible, Limiting saturated fat by eating mostly plantbased foods. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Instruction. Epididymitis: An overview. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. However, we can improve both acute and chronic epididymitis outcomes with natural remedies and lifestyle changes. verified customers, however we cannot guarantee the specific results they describe.FDA Disclaimer: No You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. This swelling can cause intense pain in your testicle. We must ignore inflammatory foods, such as-. The penis ejaculates semen during sexual intercourse. Epididymitis. Surgery is only required in exceptional circumstances. All men with acute epididymitis should be tested for HIV and syphilis. Crush the cloves before use, as this supports in releasing clearing the dynamic fixing called allicin. If youve been diagnosed with epididymitis, youll want to learn all you can about your outlook and treatment options. Poor circulation causes discomfort and inflammation that is sudden and often serious. Safety methods can be as simple as using a condom whenever you want to have sex. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Lets get clear on what epididymitis is so you can keep an eye out for it. Most people who are treated for epididymitis start to feel better after three days, though discomfort and swelling may last weeks or even months after finishing antibiotic treatment. If your penis has turned an unusual shade of red or purple, you may be experiencing an infection or another underlying condition. It usually occurs in men of all ages. and too greasy or high-fat food. Epididymitis: Recommended regimen. Men who have acute epididymitis confirmed or suspected to be caused by N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis should be advised to abstain from sexual intercourse until they and their partners have been treated and symptoms have resolved. Symptoms 12 Tips for coping with an enlarged prostate Why [], Thank You! Several instances have drawn me to medicine. 2018; doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000530304.69021.4b. 1. Drinking it often helps to recover from the disease. Hydroceles are generally harmless, but they can grow to be big and distressing. Learn the risks. Advances in the antibiotic management of epididymitis. Eyre RC. The acute form is usually associated with the most severe pain and swelling. Aside from getting proper treatment for epididymitis, diet plays a crucial role in recovery. When the epididymis gets infected by bacteria, it gets swollen and starts to pain. Accessed Sept. 7, 2022. Testicle pain and tenderness, usually on one side, that often comes on slowly, Pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen or pelvic area, Having a prostate or urinary tract infection, Having a medical procedure done that affects the urinary tract, such as insertion of a urinary catheter or scope into the penis, A difference in the typical anatomy of the urinary tract, Prostate enlargement, which increases the risk of bladder infections and epididymitis, Other health conditions that cause a weakened immune system, such as, Pus-filled infection, called an abscess, in the scrotum, Collection of fluid around the testicle, called a hydrocele, Epididymo-orchitis, if the condition spreads from the epididymis to a testicle. When blood lodges in the veins instead of flowing freely out of the scrotum, a varicocele develops. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Developing good living habits such as getting enough sleep, exercising, drinking more water, and maintaining a healthy diet goes a long way to preventing the contraction of epididymitis. These aid in testicular health. Beyond practicing healthcare, I hope to be a medical educator by curating evidence-based content and highlighting clinical insights. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition. Certain sexual behaviors that can lead to STIs put you at risk of sexually transmitted epididymitis, including having: Risk factors for epididymitis that's not sexually transmitted include: To help protect against STIs that can cause epididymitis, practice safer sex. Epididymis can spread through sexual contact. Consume plenty of fresh, raw, unroasted pumpkin seeds. Avoid sex until your infection has cleared. Khastgir J. Males 2023 Lybrate, Inc. All rights reserved. 11420039) is registered in UK, manufactures in the US and distributes globally. Stoyan Dimitrov, Elaine Hulteng, Suzi Hong, Inflammation and exercise: Inhibition of monocytic intracellular TNF production by acute exercise via 2-adrenergic activation, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Volume 61, 2017, Pages 60-68, ISSN 0889-1591. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159116305645.